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J. Scott Turner
J. Scott Turner (born 11 August 1951) has contributed to the theory of collective intelligence through his fieldwork on the South African species of termite ''Macrotermes michaelseni'', suggesting the architectural complexity and sophistication of their mounds as an instance of his theory of the extended organism.〔Turner, J. S. 2002. The Extended Organism: The Physiology of Animal-Built Structures. Harvard University Press.〕 His theory was reviewed in a range of journals, including ''Perspectives in Biology and Medicine'',〔Laland, K. (Review of The Extended Organism ) in ''Perspectives in Biology and Medicine''〕 the ''New York Times Book Review'',〔Schwenk, K. (2000) (The Apian Way From beehives to burrows, animal building sheds new light on biology. A Review of J. Scott Turner's book, The Extended Organism ). New York Times Book Review Dec 10.〕 ''EMBO Reports'',〔Tautz, J. (2000) Helpful extensions, a Review of J. Scott Turner The Extended Organism. ''EMBO Reports'' 1, 6, 468. 〕
and ''American Scientist''.〔Palumbi, S. (2001) (Amazing Tales of Electric Lugworms: Metabolic Physiology Reaches Out. Review of J. Scott Turner. The Extended Organism ). ''American Scientist''. May–June.〕
==Overview==
Working at the interface between physiology, evolution and design led Turner to formulate the idea of the Extended Organism,〔Turner, J.S. 2007. The Tinkerer’s Accomplice: How Design Emerges from Life Itself. Harvard University Press.〕 reviewed in a range of journals, including ''Nature''.〔Wedekind, C. (Can the physiological agents of homeostasis create the appearance of design in nature? Review of J. Scott Turner The Tinkerer's Accomplice. ) ''Nature'' 446, 375 (22 March 2007) | 〕 Turner's current research focuses on the emergence of super-organismal structure and function in mound-building termites of southern Africa (Macrotermes). His extended organism idea was inspired by his work on termite mounds that clarified how the mound functions as an external lung for respiratory gas exchange for the colony as a whole.〔Turner, J. S. 2001. On the mound of ''Macrotermes michaelseni'' as an organ of respiratory gas exchange. ''Physiological and Biochemical Zoology'' 74(6): 798-822.〕〔Turner, J. S. 2000. "Architecture and morphogenesis in the mound of ''Macrotermes michaelseni (Sjöstedt) (Isoptera: Termitidae, Macrotermitinae)''" in northern Namibia. ''Cimbebasia'' 16: 143-175.〕 His prior work on the thermal capacity of incubated birds' eggs showed that an egg with an embryo and an incubating parent function not as two separate organisms but as a coupled physiological unit.〔Turner, J. S. 1997. On the thermal capacity of a bird’s egg warmed by a brood patch. Physiological Zoology 70: 470-480.〕〔Turner, J. S. 1994. Transient thermal properties of contact-incubated chicken eggs. Physiological Zoology 67: 1426-1447.〕〔Turner, J. S. 1994. Thermal impedance of a contact-incubated bird’s egg. ''Journal of Thermal Biology'' 19: 237-243.〕 Building upon this empirical work, Turner has argued that the principle of homeostasis is a fundamental property of living systems that accounts for, among other things, the phenomenon of biological design. With this argument, Turner counters both Intelligent Design〔(Harvard University Press Author Forum )〕 and strong Darwinism, showing how natural selection (Darwinism) is complemented by other factors. Turner proposes that modern evolutionary theory over-emphasizes genetic natural selection and a tendency to separate information from catalysis at the molecular level. By connecting information and catalysis, epigenesis coupled with homeostasis exemplifies the internal, directive capacities of the organism, linking information and behavior. Turner has also suggested that termite mounds exemplify collective intelligence via a form of swarm cognition that is a model for the emergence of cognitive systems in a variety of contexts, including, but not limited to, self-contained nervous systems. The extended organism principle also justifies the Gaia Hypothesis〔Turner, J. S. 2008. Gaia, Extended Organisms, and Emergent Homeostasis. In: ''Scientists debate Gaia: the next century''. Edited by Stephen H. Schneider, James R. Miller, Eileen Crist and Penelope J. Boston. Cambridge: The MIT Press. p.57-71, ISBN 978-0-2621-9498-3.〕 and considers what we can translate from micro to macro, whether principles that govern termites offer a perspective on mind. He is an adviser to the Microbes Mind Forum and Professor of Biology at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF) in Syracuse, New York. Under a grant from the Templeton Foundation, he has been a visiting scholar at Cambridge University, writing his third book, currently titled "Biology's Second Law: Evolution, Purpose and Desire", which builds the case that evolution operates through the complementary principles of Darwinian natural selection (biology’s "First Law") coupled to homeostasis (biology’s "Second Law").
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